In cases of weakness, it is very important to differentiate between neuropathy and myopathy. This can be asked as a differential in weakness and confirming the below factors can help differentiate.
Read More →Hypotonia Speech Dysarthria and slowing of speech with slurring and stuttering Knee jerk The knee jerk is pendular and on elicitation of the reflex, there are more than 3 pendular movements Tremor The child may have intentional tremor. Finger test can show this effect Dysmetria On finger nose finger test, the child may overestimate the […]
Read More →This is one of the few feared areas in medicine. It is easier to remember if you make sure you write this below format repeatedly and use it every time you examine a patient Below is a brief note of headings for easy revision in exams. For detailed examination, look into individual articles. Look around […]
Read More →A hypotonic infant can be a typical case in neurology station. It is also likely to see one in your clinic The following points are mandatory Points to remember in Prenatal History: History of TORCH infections History of antenatal Drugs or alcohol Any Maternal illness Fetal movements- normal or hypoactive? Points in Neonatal History: Complications […]
Read More →When you are presented with a CNS case, a quick look at the movements of the patient can guide you to the site of lesion. Look below for the nerve supply for different areas of the body Upper body C1 to C6- Neck flexion C1 to T1- Neck extension C3 to C5- Supply to diaphragm […]
Read More →Monoplegia This is weakness of one limb when compared to the other. Always check the normal limb and then immediately check corresponding other limb Upper limb monoplegia Multiple sclerosis Encephalitis Poliomyelitis Mononeuropathy Brachial plexus lesion Lower limb monoplegia Multiple sclerosis Cauda equina syndrome Sciatic nerve palsy Prolapsed vertebral disc Hemiplegia This is the weakness of […]
Read More →Hypotonia Low muscle tone is a common finding. Remember the following points Causes of Hypotonia In newborns Anterior Horn cell disorders like Hypoxic-ischaemic myelopathy, Spinal muscular atrophy Congenital myelopathy like Charcot Marie Tooth disease Neuromuscular junction disorders like Congenital myasthenia Congenital myopathy like Nemaline myopathy Muscular dystrophy Syndromes- like Downs syndrome, Prader Willi syndrome, Hypothyroidism, […]
Read More →There are 2 main variations that can be seen. Kyphosis and scoliosis Kyphosis is backward bending of the vertebral column Scoliosis is lateral bending of the vertebral column Common Causes Congenital Ankylosing spondylitis Rheumatoid arthritis Rickets Neurofibromatosis Friedrich’s ataxia Cerebral palsy Marfan syndrome Turners syndrome Method to diagnose scoliosis Request the child to remove their […]
Read More →The tongue has both motor and sensory functions. You can always ask the child about taste sensations. For the motor function, Ask the child to open the mouth and protrude the tongue. You can also ask the child to move the tongue from side to side to see the motor component If you are looking […]
Read More →Caput Succedaneum Marked by localized soft tissue edema Poorly defined margin Caused by pressure of fetal head on maternal cervix during labor Present at birth Does not increase in size Swelling crosses suture lines Disappears in a few days Complications are rare Cephalhematoma Soft fluctuant localized swelling Well defined margin Caused by subperiosteal hemorrhage Appears […]
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