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Hypotonia Low muscle tone is a common finding. Remember the following points Causes of Hypotonia In new-borns Anterior Horn cell disorders like Hypoxic-ischaemic myelopathy, Spinal muscular atrophy Congenital myelopathy like Charcot Marie Tooth disease Neuromuscular junction disorders like Congenital myasthenia Congenital myopathy like Nemaline myopathy Muscular dystrophy Syndromes- like Downs syndrome, Prader Willi syndrome, Hypothyroidism, […]
Read More →Cyanosis can be seen in most examination cases. It is a grave mistake to miss such a finding. The advice below will help you answer questions. There are 2 types of cyanosis Peripheral cyanosis and central cyanosis Causes of peripheral cyanosis Exposure to cold Raynaud’s phenomenon Congestive cardiac failure Hyper viscosity syndrome Shock Causes of […]
Read More →Clubbing This is the swelling go the terminal part of fingers and toes It happens due to hypertrophy of the soft tissue in nail bed causing an increase in the anterior-posterior and transverse diameter of the nail Measurement It is measured by measuring the angle between the nail and nail bed – Its called the […]
Read More →Hypotonia Speech Dysarthria and slowing of speech with slurring and stuttering Knee jerk The knee jerk is pendular and on elicitation of the reflex, there are more than 3 pendular movements Tremor The child may have intentional tremor. Finger test can show this effect Dysmetria On finger nose finger test, the child may overestimate the […]
Read More →The two kidneys are palpated separately. It might be easier to palpate both the kidneys by standing on the right of the patient (in right-handed doctor) You can sit down if needed for your hands to be at the level with abdomen Now place your right hand over the exposed anterior abdomen at the right […]
Read More →Palpating the spleen There are many ways to palpate the spleen. Stand to the right side of the patient Expose the abdomen from the ribcage to the pubis symphysis Method Place the palm of the right hand on the right iliac fossa and move upward and laterally towards the left hypochondrium Palpate all the way […]
Read More →Common changes in nails are Clubbing Koilonychia Onycholysis Abnormal colour like yellow, blue Nail bed changes Splinter haemorrhages Lines or bands- Beaus, Mees lines Clubbing It is the increase in the angle between the nail and the nail bed. Place the two index fingers of the patient against each other, look for the diamond shaped […]
Read More →In cases of weakness, it is very important to differentiate between neuropathy and myopathy. This can be asked as a differential in weakness and confirming the below factors can help differentiate.
Read More →Examining muscle is fundamental in musculoskeletal conditions and neurology Muscles is examined in following 3 domains Nutrition of muscles Tone of muscles Power of muscles Nutrition of muscle Inspection Look for wasting or atrophy of muscles like deltoid or calf muscle Prominent bony prominences Prominent tendon at foot and hand Palpation Soft and flabby muscle […]
Read More →When you are presented with a CNS case, a quick look at the movements of the patient can guide you to the site of lesion. Look below for the nerve supply for different areas of the body Upper body C1 to C6- Neck flexion C1 to T1- Neck extension C3 to C5- Supply to diaphragm […]
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