Category: Medical Students
This section has relevant material to help students prepare for exams
Developmental Dysplasia of Hip- management
Pathology The acetabulum is shallow The ligaments that help to hold the joint in place are lax Dislocation The head of the femur is completely out of the socket. Common in Subluxation The head of the femur is simply loose in the socket. The bone can be moved within the socket, but will not dislocate. […]
Read More →Differential diagnosis of hypoglycemia
Ketotic process Fasting Malabsorption Gastroenteritis Galactosemia Hereditary fructose intolerance Glycogen storage disease type 1 Idiopathic ketotic hypoglycemia Nonketotic process Hyperinsulinemia Infants of diabetic mothers Congenital panhypopituitarism Adrenal insufficiency Fatty acid oxidation defects Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome Others Sepsis Poisoning Overdoses Liver failure HYPOGLYCEMIA WITH ACIDOSIS METABOLIC ACIDOSIS WITH HYPOGLYCEMIA IN INFANTS
Read More →Cardiovascular system examination
General examination Level of consciousness- Alert/ Oriented/ cooperative Decubitus (position in bed) Gait Built- Average/ small or large for age Nutrition- Average/ undernutrition Any obvious dysmorphism Respiration effort- rate, rhythm, pattern, depth, laboured or not Face Dysmorphism Cyanosis/ Pallor Respiratory distress- nasal cannula/ nasal flaring Cardiovascular system examination involves 2 systems- peripheral and central cardiovascular […]
Read More →Examination of tongue
The tongue has both motor and sensory functions. You can always ask the child about taste sensations. For the motor function, ask the child to open the mouth and protrude the tongue. You can also ask the child to move the tongue from side to side to see the motor component If you are looking […]
Read More →Variations in shape of the spine
There are 2 main variations that can be seen. Kyphosis and scoliosis Kyphosis is backward bending of the vertebral column Scoliosis is lateral bending of the vertebral column Common Causes Congenital Ankylosing spondylitis Rheumatoid arthritis Rickets Neurofibromatosis Friedrich’s ataxia Cerebral palsy Marfans syndrome Turners syndrome Method to diagnose scoliosis Request the child to remove their […]
Read More →Common variations to look out for in the head and face
Causes of Delayed closure of Anterior Fontanelle Rickets Congenital hypothyroidism Achondroplasia Hydrocephalus Downs syndrome Causes of bulging anterior fontanelle Increase intracranial pressure Hydrocephalus Crying infant Galactosemia Causes of high arched palate Downs syndrome Marfan syndrome Crouzon syndrome Apert syndrome Turners syndrome Causes of Frontal bone bossing Thalassemia major Rickets Congenital syphilis Hydrocephalus Acromegaly Causes of […]
Read More →Hypotonia in Infancy approach
A hypotonic infant can be a typical case in neurology station. It is also likely to see one in your clinic The following points are mandatory Points to remember in Prenatal History: History of TORCH infections History of antenatal Drugs or alcohol Any Maternal illness Fetal movements- normal or hypoactive? Points in Neonatal History: Complications […]
Read More →Marfans syndrome – examination
Features of Marfans syndrome It is a very common condition that can be presented in the musculoskeletal station You may be given the patient and asked to examine Look for the following clinical features Examination Kyphoscoliosis Anterior chest wall deformity- pectus excavation/ carinatum High arched palate Long slender fingers (Arachnodactyly) Cardiac findings- Mitral valve prolapse, […]
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