Commonly seen in Rheumatic cardiac disease PATHOLOGY Volume overload on the left ventricle Dilatation and hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Combined mitral and aortic insufficiency are more common than aortic involvement alone.   CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS. Palpitations.   Excessive sweating Dyspnoea on exertion Orthopnea Pulmonary oedema angina   SIGNS Pulse pressure is wide   Bounding peripheral […]

Eggs are passed in the feces of infected individuals     CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS. Pulmonary ascariasis – Cough with blood-stained sputum Eosinophilia. Abdominal pain/ Intestinal obstruction  Steatorrhea and diminished vitamin A absorption   DIAGNOSIS. Fecal smear examination- to look for eggs X ray for abdominal conditions   TREATMENT. Albendazole (400 mg PO as a single dose). Or […]

Characterized by   Inattentiveness Impulsiveness Hyperactivity   Age of onset: Before age 7   DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Age-appropriate overactivity Attention-Deficit Disorder (ADD) Mental retardation Mood disorder Pervasive Developmental Disorder Hearing-impairment   Lead toxicity Hyperthyroidism   CLINICAL FEATURES (DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.)* Inattentiveness Difficulty to carry out instructions Difficulty sustaining attention  Does […]

FEATURES Unilateral lower motor neurone weakness Posterior auricular pain in previous days Watery eyes /Hyperacusis Rapid onset   ETIOLOGY OF ACUTE PERIPHERAL FACIAL PALSY   EXAMINATION MANAGEMENT  To Note Facial weakness may get worse (3 weeks) and then start improving. Any deterioration beyond this time should be investigated. More than 95% of children have a […]

COMPATIBILITY Choice of ABO group for blood products for administration to children @ Group O fresh frozen plasma (FFP) should only be given to patients of group O. Group AB FFP can be given to people of any ABO blood group. *Group O components which test negatively for ‘high titre’ anti-A and anti-B should be […]

ERB’S PALSY C5-6 lesion with paralysis of the shoulder muscles and elbow flexors The arm is internally rotated with the extension of the elbow, pronation of the forearm and flexion at the wrist (waiter tip position). The Moro reflex is diminished on the affected side. KLUMPKE PALSY C8-T1 lesion causing claw hand deformity Hyperabduction of […]

GENERAL CAUSES Lung disease Heart diseases Anemia Obesity( increased work of breathing/ Restriction of chest wall) Thyrotoxicosis Anxiety states   DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CARDIAC AND LUNG CAUSES LUNG DISEASES History suggestive of Lung problems Slower development of disease Present at Rest Productive cough is common Aggravated by Lung infections   CARDIAC DISEASE History of Hypertension, cardiac […]

FEATURES Children less than 6 months. Respiratory Syncitial virus is the common cause. DIAGNOSIS History of cold/coryzal symptoms/nasal obstruction. May present with apnoea Crackles on auscultation, wheeze is usually present. INVESTIGATIONS Pulse oximetry Throat swabs CXR. Blood gas /Blood cultures CRITERIA FOR ADMISSION Apnoea / Cardiac defects SaO2, < 92% in air Pre-existing lung diseases […]